Almonds and Continued Innovations

How to encrypt email outlook. However, if you need t.


How to encrypt email outlook Jan 25, 2022 · Types of encryption for Outlook emails. For more, refer to Encrypt email messages (microsoft. Dec 31, 2024 · Pick the encryption that has the restrictions you want to enforce, such as Encrypt-Only or Do Not Forward. Here’s how you can create an encrypted email message: When you need to protect the privacy of an email message, encrypt it. May 16, 2024 · ### How to Turn Off Protected Emails #### For Microsoft Outlook: 1. Opening encrypted emails in Outlook. g. While looking at the field labeled Security Settings Name, you should Aug 24, 2023 · Admittedly, email encryption and Outlook digital signature are the most common methods of sending secure emails in Outlook and other email clients. Step 3: Encrypt and decrypt emails: Use the add-in to encrypt and decrypt emails as needed. Sep 15, 2022 · Read: Free Email Encryption Add-ins for Outlook. However, if you need t By email, fax, or scan. In order to Dec 30, 2024 · This means that your emails are encrypted from the moment they leave your device until they reach the recipient, and even Proton Mail’s servers can’t read or access the contents of your messages because they don’t store the decryption keys. Jun 1, 2023 · The process of opening and reading encrypted emails varies based on the recipient’s email client. By default, Outlook will only allow sign and encrypt emails when the configured email address on the client is same email address as encoded on the PIV card. Follow the steps for Windows or Mac to enable encryption options and access encrypted messages. Securely encrypted emails help to prevent data breaches. Compose an email in Outlook Desktop (with or without attachment) In the email message window, choose Options (1), select Encrypt (2) and pick Encrypt-Only (3) An "Encrypt-only" message (4) will appear above the Send button to confirm that the email is encrypted. To encrypt Outlook emails using PGP, follow these steps: Log in to your Outlook account. May 13, 2022 · Christi goes over how to send encrypted emails using Outlook through Microsoft Office 365's Azure service. To encrypt a single message in Outlook, follow these steps: Step 1: Compose a new email in Outlook. To send an encrypted email message in Outlook. There are several ways to encrypt emails within Microsoft Outlook, each offering a different level of security and complexity. com is just about the same as using the desktop version. com Encryption Features. Feb 17, 2022 · In the Outlook desktop app, start a new email message, choose Options, select Encrypt, and pick the encryption that has the restrictions you want to enforce, such as Encrypt-Only or Do Not Forward. Outlook. Streamlined Operations : A standardized encryption process facilitates smoother communication. Its icon Aug 22, 2024 · Learn how to send and view encrypted emails in Outlook with a Microsoft 365 subscription. Then get Norton 360 Deluxe with its built-in VPN to encrypt all your online communications and help protect your digital life. Obtain CAC Certificates. You will then be prompted to enter the security key to reveal the content of the email. Digital Certificate: Ensure you have a digital certificate installed on your Mac. If the recipient has an Microsoft 365 email account and new Outlook, they'll see an alert about the item's restricted permissions in the Reading pane. Compose Your Email; Click File; Select Encrypt; Choose the appropriate option; Alternatively, you can follow this path to encrypt your message: Compose your message; Click Options; Select Encrypt; Select the encryption that offers the necessary restrictions (e. Jan 3, 2025 · How to Encrypt an Email in Outlook Using S/MIME Encryption. Dec 13, 2024 · The email will be encrypted and decrypted by the recipient’s email client. This guide delves into the significance of email encryption for sa Nov 16, 2021 · Microsoft Outlook Desktop Client. Feb 23, 2024 · Email encryption safeguards your email contents and data to prevent unwanted access. Send a digitally signed or encrypted message for Mac. Encrypt Only “Encrypt Only” is great for setting up email encryption in Outlook. In the Trust Center, click on Trust and select Exchange. So this option to encrypt email in Outlook combines the best of both the previous two options. Send (5) your message. Click on "View Digital Signature" to verify that the email is from a trusted sender. Select the Email : Choose the email you want to encrypt. We provide additional information about S/MIME in the email encryption FAQ below, which lists the caveats of using this method. Forwarded emails can not be accessed by others. Threats include any threat of violence, or harm to another. For some organizations, it’s a matter of regulatory compliance. Once you have composed the mail, next click on the Encrypt Email button. Pick the encryption that has the restrictions you want to enforce, such as Encrypt-Only or Do Not Forward. In this article, we will explore the various methods to send encrypted email in Outlook and provide step-by-step instructions on how to do it. If you have the “Sign” and “Encrypt” buttons in the “Permission” section of the “Options” tab, your email is ready to encrypt. A message that is encrypted by Microsoft 365 Message Encryption is delivered to a recipient’s inbox just like any other email message. Only share SI with those who need to know, and always encrypt when sending via email. Emails encrypted with AES-256 encryption stay protected. Click on the Security tab. If the recipients use Outlook, the experience is seamless. Thanks for your cooperation and understanding. Encrypt-Only or Do Not Forward) Microsoft . Nov 19, 2024 · Method 2: Use a Third-Party Encryption Service. May 7, 2024 · Outlook offers several methods to encrypt emails, depending on your desired level of security and the type of Outlook account you have. Advanced Outlook. com provides a convenient option for encrypting emails through Secure Nov 2, 2024 · One of the most effective ways to protect your emails is by sending them in an encrypted format. Starting with email encryption in Outlook 365 means knowing what you need and setting up Outlook right. com has a slightly different approach to email encryption, primarily relying on Microsoft’s built-in security features. May 8, 2024 · To reply to an encrypted message, choose Reply or Reply All, type your reply, and select Send. Step 1. Encryption requires the use of a set of keys – a public key (used to Jun 26, 2013 · How to encrypt an e-mail in Outlook. Encrypting your emails doesn’t mean you send them in secret code. Here are the steps to follow: Dec 17, 2024 · In conclusion, encrypting your emails in new Outlook is a straightforward process. Enter your digital certificate password Feb 21, 2023 · Once the certificates are retrieved, the user can use S/MIME from within Microsoft Outlook for iOS to sign and encrypt email. Find digital ID or digital ID services. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to encrypt email in Outlook. Find out how to use digital signatures, S/MIME, and other encryption options for each version of Outlook. There's no software to install. Don't apply multiple email encryption technologies to the same email message. Securing your emails in Microsoft Outlook is paramount in today's rapid digital landscape. Protect your messages and your data with Outlook. With Microsoft Purview Message Encryption, users can send encrypted email from Outlook and Outlook on the web. Dec 21, 2024 · Use Third-Party Encryption Software: There are many third-party encryption software available that can encrypt emails in Outlook, such as Encrypt Email or ProtonMail. The new Outlook client’s window looks like this. Jul 31, 2024 · The Encrypt option in the New Outlook can be found in the Options tab of the message you are trying to encrypt. 99 per year for one person or $99. 1. Before moving forward, may I please re-confirm can you see "Encrypt" in Options tab in new Outlook experience when you compose email? Below is just example screenshot as per your initial concern: When you need to protect the privacy of an email message, encrypt it. Encrypting emails using the Outlook desktop client is a straightforward process. If these options are not available to you, your email is not set up correctly for encryption. You can as well refer to this official article for more details or you are using Classic Outlook: Send encrypted email messages in Outlook for Windows - Microsoft Support Dec 8, 2024 · Send the encrypted email to the recipient. com offers encryption features that let you share confidential and personal information securely. Follow these steps to encrypt an email if you prefer to use Outlook on the Web: 1. Apr 24, 2024 · How to decrypt an encrypted email in Outlook 365. Feb 26, 2024 · Sending, viewing, and replying to encrypted email messages. how to open encrypted emails in Outlook; how to open encrypted emails in Gmail; and; how to open encrypted emails in other email providers. Using native Office 365 encryption, how can the emails recipient(s) locally archive their received (encrypted) emails in such a way that they can decrypt them locally in the next 7 years, in order to comply with audit and compliance requirements? Nov 22, 2021 · How To Send Encrypted Email By Outlook App & Web Browser Aug 29, 2024 · This feature allows recipients to read encrypted emails even if they don’t use Outlook. First thing's first, it's a good idea to get an idea of what encrypting an email actually entails. Other Email Security Options in Outlook. **Note**Depending on your Outlook layout, you might have to click on the More Options button to find the encrypt option. In the pop-up, under Security (top right), uncheck “Encrypt email…”. Compared to Gmail, Outlook offers a broader range of email encryption options. NOTE: I have found out that this works when sending encrypted emails from webmail to webmail. Go to File > Info > Properties. Click the Options tab near the top of How to decrypt an encrypted email in Outlook 365. Here are the steps to encrypt a PDF file using the Outlook encryption feature: Open Microsoft Outlook and click the New Email button to start a new email. In an email message, choose Options, and then select Encrypt. Using S/MIME Certificates (Strongest Encryption) S/MIME (Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is the most robust method for email encryption. Oct 14, 2016 · Using encryption is the only safe way to send an email, even though most of our communications aren't under threat. Tips and Best Practices Sep 23, 2024 · Upon successful login, the encrypt email window pane is displayed with the Encrypt Email button. Types of email encryption. Only the recipient who has the private key that matches the public key used to encrypt the message can decipher the message for reading. Open Outlook and start composing a new message. By encrypting emails, Outlook ensures that only authorized recipients can access the message’s contents, enhancing privacy and protection. Admin settings. com, logging in with your Microsoft account. Read our Complete Guide to Email Encryption in O Jan 3, 2025 · Microsoft implemented its own Outlook email encryption system, which ensures that your messages always remain encrypted and don't leave Microsoft's servers. ; Step 2: Switch to the "Format Text" tab in the "Message" ribbon. When you encrypt an email, you're turning it into undecipherable ciphertext, whereas before it was plain text that anybody could read. Click on "Security" from the left-hand menu. Regardless of the recipient's email provider or email application, they'll be able to read the encrypted message. Apr 10, 2020 · The most important thing to know about signing and encrypting emails in Outlook Online is that you need to be using the Edge browser and an email account that uses Microsoft Exchange. Upon successful Dec 10, 2024 · Outlook Email Encryption: This article provides a comprehensive guide to encrypting Outlook emails. Dec 31, 2024 · Method 1: Encrypt a Single Message. and select “Options”. How to Set up Microsoft® Outlook to Sign and Encrypt Emails In order to send signed and encrypted emails in Microsoft® Outlook, you must create an Email Security Profile. Learn about encrypted messages in Outlook. com Oct 14, 2019 · If you’ve followed all the steps so far, you should now have a digital ID or certificate. View and reply to encrypted messages in Outlook Get a digital ID. com, Microsoft 365, Outlook mobile app and Windows mail app since Outlook verifies the recipient’s ID in the background. Go to Options: In the message window, navigate to the "Options" tab. STORING. Add additional privacy protection to email messages with encryption. In this video we demonstrate how to encrypt and send an email from the Nov 5, 2023 · On the Email Security tab, under Encrypted email, select the Encrypt contents and attachments for outgoing messages check box. Manual Decryption (S/MIME): Open the encrypted email in the email window. NOTE: The below screenshots were taken from Microsoft Outlook 2013 – in Outlook 2010 and Outlook 2016/2019 the procedure, option names and their locations are all identical. Using Outlook. Note: If you click on the Encrypt Email button without composing an email, you will receive an alert message stating there is no email content to encrypt. The recipient will receive the message as a digitally signed email. Dec 13, 2024 · This email encryption allows its user to send an encrypted email to any Outlook or a third-party email client. Select Encrypt contents and attachment of all messages I send to automatically encrypt all outgoing messages. This guide will walk you through each method, explaining the steps involved and their functionalities. • Prevention of data breaches: Encrypting your email makes it more difficult for hackers to intercept and steal sensitive information. Feb 20, 2024 · Generally, new Outlook is like Outlook web application experience, so the tabs and options are different than Classic Outlook experience. When you need to protect the privacy of an email message, encrypt it. First step is to open Outlook and click on the “File” tab. By phone or in person. If you receive an encrypted email in Outlook, you can easily decrypt it with the following steps: Open the encrypted email and click on "File" > "Info" > "Permissions". There are two main types of email encryption methods you need to know exist: S/MIME and PGP/MIME. ) Click the Email Encryption button in the top left Jun 22, 2021 · If they don't use Outlook, they'll receive a limited-time web-view link that will let them read the message. Users can encrypt email by using these simple Sep 24, 2024 · It’s important to know about encryption options in Outlook for email privacy. Outlook provides an easy way to send encrypted emails using various encryption methods. Launch your favorite web browser and navigate to Outlook. Microsoft 365 subscribers can use “Encrypt Only” and “Do Not Forward” to secure their emails. Send encrypted email messages in Outlook. Open Outlook and go to the File menu, then click on Options. Do not discuss SI out loud in public. However, email encryption has challenges with its administration and user consumption. If you are unable to open the email, it may have been sent to you from Outlook (which appears to use a different encryption type). This is necessary for S/MIME encryption. Harassment is any behavior intended to disturb or upset a person or group of people. However, if the user does not expand the encrypt button option and only clicks on the encrypt button, by default the email will be send using S/MIME. It uses digital 5 days ago · Encrypting Emails in Outlook. Select the Use COMAPI option and click OK. Encrypt messages using S/MIME in Learn what email encryption is, when to use encryption, and how to encrypt emails in Outlook / Microsoft 365. com security for Microsoft 365 subscribers. Secure messages by using a digital signature. Third-party encryption services offer more advanced encryption options and features. Microsoft Outlook includes a built-in encryption feature that allows you to encrypt email messages and their attachments. Once you’ve gotten your digital ID, you may proceed to the next set of steps towards encrypting your emails on Outlook: Click on Tools. If at least one recipient of an encrypted message has a certificate, Outlook on the web will send the message to all recipients. Encrypted messages shared between Outlook accounts open normally in the Outlook. Also, this is likely the lowest cost option, or even free. com) Encrypting email in outlook. Both individuals and organizations of all sizes use email encryption as part of their approach to cybersecurity. Once they reach the Nov 6, 2024 · Send an Encrypted Email in Outlook Desktop. Dec 31, 2024 · Encrypting your email helps you comply with these regulations. **Change Default Settings**: - Open Outlook. OME is easy to use, does not require certificates, and works with any email client. How to encrypt an email in Outlook. Step 2: Configure the add-in: Set up the add-in to use your desired encryption settings, such as password or certificate. This method is applicable only with an Office 365 subscription. 2. Select "Preferences" from the drop-down menu. For more information, see Send, view, and reply to encrypted messages in Outlook for PC. com, and Outlook on the web. ‍ What Emails Need Encryption? An analogy that we like to use here at Blackink IT is that sending a non-encrypted email is like sending a postcard in the mail without an envelope – whatever is written Jul 26, 2023 · The Outlook desktop app for enterprise customers and Outlook. You must exchange public keys with a user in order to exchange Encrypted 1 day ago · Compose a new message to the email address associated with the encryption key, and then (in the email compose window) click the Security drop-down and click the checkboxes for Require Encryption Jul 11, 2024 · So, how do you open an encrypted email in Outlook? You’ll see a lock icon next to the sender’s name if you receive an encrypted email. 99 for up to six people) are among the growing number of email Mar 22, 2023 · Get a Digital ID for Outlook (encryption and signing certificates) To be able to encrypt important Outlook e-mails, the first thing you need to get is a Digital ID, also known as E-mail Certificate. To change additional settings, such as choosing a specific certificate to use, click Settings . Encrypting an email message in Outlook means it's converted from readable plain text into scrambled cipher text. Dec 19, 2022 · Outlook for desktop encrypts messages using an S/MIME certificate only if you have an active Microsoft 365 subscription. Encryption Best Practices : This article provides best practices for encrypting Outlook emails. This makes sure your encryption works well, keeping your Oct 18, 2022 · Moreover, there is Encrypt button that replaced the Permissions button, and the new Encrypt button contains both encryption options (S/MIME and IRM); The S/MIME option is only visible if you have S/MIME certificate configured in Outlook. Use the "Secure Message" Feature : Outlook provides a "Secure Message" feature that allows you to encrypt emails and set a password to access the encrypted message. Email e May 12, 2024 · Email encryption is crucial for maintaining the confidentiality and security of sensitive information. Click on the "Encrypt" button. Email encryption is intended to protect sensitive data. Encrypt Oct 29, 2023 · Using the Outlook Desktop Client. Encrypting emails in Outlook for Mac follows a process similar to that of the Windows version, with some differences in the interface and options. Automatically encrypt email messages As email security challenges continue to present themselves, email providers like Microsoft Outlook and Office 365 — which have experienced widespread, longstanding popularity in the professional sector — are continuing to adapt, putting forth robust encryption offerings intended to protect both the platform and the emails that live within it. **Turn off Encryption in Individual Emails**: - When composing an email, go to the `Options` tab. Click on the gear icon in the upper right corner of the screen. Additionally, admins can set up mail flow rules in Microsoft 365 to automatically encrypt emails based on keyword matching or other conditions. How Does Outlook Email Encryption Work? Outlook email encryption ensures the security and privacy of Mar 27, 2024 · STEP 11: S/MIME for Encrypted emails should now work when using Microsoft Edge web browser. Mar 5, 2024 · Is there a way to change the encrypt button default settings from S/MIME to purview encryption. Compose a New Email: Open Outlook and click on "New Email" to compose a new message. The following guide walks you through configuring Outlook to leverage the digital signature and key management certificates found on your PIV to enable secure email. (add recipients, subject, content, add regular & inline attachments, etc. You can open the email by clicking the lock icon. After you’ve installed the S/MIME control, you can go to the gear menu > S/MIME settings where you will find two options that you can select to digitally encrypt or digitally sign every message you send. When editing a new message in the Options ribbon click More Options. The select “Trust Center”. DISCUSSING. OME allows encrypted emails to be sent to any email address, regardless of the recipient's email platform and is well-integrated with the Office 365 suite. Finish composing your email and then choose Send. Each option has its own benefits, keeping your emails safe. Simply open the web-view link to see the encrypted message. Never send SI to personal email accounts, and save only to NIH- authorized online storage. If you're using Outlook to read your email from Gmail, Yahoo Mail, or any provider that doesn't use an Exchange server, this won't work. identrust. Go to Options. Outlook email encryption is available to Office 365 Home or Office 365 Personal subscribers, and it could hardly be any easier to use. They'll receive the message, see that it's encrypted, and be able to open and read the message. Dec 11, 2024 · By encrypting Outlook emails, you affirm the genuineness of your messages, with digital signatures confirming the integrity of the content. Select "PGP" from the right-hand menu. Close and save the changes. Print only the SI you need and do not leave hard draft email. Jun 28, 2021 · If you're a Microsoft 365 subscriber, sending encrypted emails in Outlook is a breeze. Remember to choose the right encryption standard (S/MIME or PGP), obtain a digital certificate, and maintain your private key. How to Send an Encrypted Email using Microsoft Outlook . I can't include screenshots for some reason, but there should be a little lock icon similar to the one found in Classic Outlook. Do you need to send confidential information via e-mail securely? Outlook offers an encrypted message system that helps to keep your communication safe and private. Dec 26, 2024 · Encrypting Outlook Emails with PGP. By following these steps and tips, you can ensure that your Outlook emails are encrypted and protected from interception and data breaches. Mar 18, 2019 · Using Email Encryption Add-ins: The right Outlook email encryption add-in can let you send encrypted to any recipient (any email address, including free webmail users) using any email account. Some email clients, such as Outlook for Mac, Outlook for iOS, and Outlook for Android, aren't able to open messages with multiple email encryption technologies applied. Jun 24, 2021 · Learn how to send and receive encrypted emails in Outlook or Outlook Online with Office 365 Message Encryption (OME). Click on "Set up PGP" to Jan 26, 2023 · Note that you cannot send encrypted email to someone without access to their public key. Open Outlook and click New Email. She covers how to send an encrypted email from you Dec 16, 2024 · Outlook offers a built-in encryption feature that allows you to encrypt emails using the Encryption tab in the Compose window. Encrypt a PDF for email in Outlook. Install the Add-in: Go to the Microsoft Download Center and download the Microsoft Outlook Encryption Add-in. In the mail window, select the Options tab. com: Jul 31, 2024 · Knowing about these encryption types helps you pick the best method for your needs. Dec 27, 2023 · Microsoft Outlook offers two main encryption options to secure email communications: Office 365 Message Encryption (OME) and Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME). Setting Up Encryption in Outlook 365. Here are known difficulties with email encryption: User Acceptance. Discover the different encryption options available, includin Sending an Encrypted Email from Outlook on Mac OS. - Click on `Encrypt` and choose `Do Not Forward` or `Encrypt-Only` depending on your needs. com for Microsoft 365 subscribers ($69. The email provider supports both S/MIME and PGP and allows users to configure security certificates, making it a better choice if you are looking for enhanced email security overall. Learn how to send and read encrypted messages, and what encryption options are available for different email accounts. In this tutorial, With a Microsoft 365 subscription, you can Dec 11, 2024 · Step 1: Install the add-in: Download and install the encryption add-in for Outlook. The end-user notifications include the following options: Company Portal : If selected, users will receive a push notification on their device, which will take them to the landing page in Company Portal where S/MIME Nov 4, 2024 · In fact, if you encrypt email in new Outlook, your email server needs to have an Office 365 Enterprise E3 license to use Microsoft 365 Message Encryption, and if you meet the requirements, you can do the following: 1. If you try to send an encrypted message to a recipient who doesn't have a certificate, Outlook on the web will warn you that the recipient can’t decrypt S/MIME encrypted messages. 4. Enable Encryption : Go to File > Options > Security > Encryption . - Go to `File` > `Options`. To send Encrypted email there are some additional steps required to allow the recipient to decrypt the email. May 13, 2024 · Email encryption, adequately deployed and enabled for the users, works effectively. Gmail and Outlook also automatically encrypt email, but only during transit. Currently, I have a solution where I was able to disable the Encrypt with S/MIME button on outlook. In addition to encrypting individual emails, there are some additional email security options available Dec 31, 2024 · Methods for Encrypting Emails in Outlook. com offers several methods for encrypting your emails. This provides additional security by allowing you to sign and encrypt emails with a certificate from a trusted provider. By following the steps outlined above, you can enable encryption in Outlook and ensure that your emails are secure. Recipients will see improvements as well. How to Send Encrypted Email on Outlook? Sending encrypted email on Outlook is a straightforward process. Feb 13, 2024 · Learn how to send encrypted emails using Microsoft 365 Outlook with this step-by-step tutorial. com. Jun 7, 2024 · You can also send an encrypted message by selecting the Protect button in Outlook on the web. It keeps your emails in the Microsoft 365 system. If you need to send a secure email to Nov 10, 2023 · Only the recipients of the email will have access to the email’s contents. Important: The Microsoft Outlook Encryption Add-in is only available for Outlook 2013 and 2016. The drawback of this approach is that users must have to perform extra steps every time they get an encrypted email message. Here are a few popular options: ProtonMail: A secure email service that uses end-to-end encryption, ensuring that even the service providers can’t read your emails. The process for encrypting an email differs between the three, so it’s important to know which version of Outlook you’re using. Learn how to encrypt your email in Gmail and Outlook, and discover other email-security tips. How to encrypt emails in Outlook on the Web. How to Create an Encrypted Email Message with Outlook. View and reply to encrypted messages in Outlook. Once you click on the dropdown menu, you should find the option to encrypt your email. 3. However, your choices are not limited to these two options and a few more email protection means are available to you: Encrypting email connections with SSL or TLS; Sending password protected zip files Apr 29, 2022 · Do you ever need to email sensitive information? We need to stress the importance o NEVER sending sensitive information through email. PRINTING. Oct 6, 2023 · Want to secure your email messages so they can't be seen by hackers? In this video, I show how to encrypt email messages in Microsoft Outlook online. Method 2: Use the Microsoft Outlook Encryption Add-in. Encrypting email in Outlook provides an extra layer of security for sensitive information and S/MIME (Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is a robust public key encryption standard. Set Up Digital Certificates: For more advanced encryption, you can set up a digital certificate in Outlook. You can send a digitally signed email by having the digital signature option turned on. This feature is available only for Office 365 Home or Office 365 Personal subscription. How to send encrypted emails: In Outlook, open a New Email; Write your email as you usually do. How to Encrypt an Email on Outlook (COMAPI Method) To encrypt an email on Outlook using the COMAPI method: Step 1: Enable COMAPI. Learn how to encrypt email messages in Outlook for Windows, Mac, Outlook. com). What encryption options are available for my Microsoft 365 subscription? Protect your sensitive information by learning how to encrypt your emails in Microsoft Outlook. It is useful Apr 23, 2021 · Encrypting Email with Outlook on the Web (Outlook. You can learn all about setting up email encryption at Email encryption in Microsoft 365. We’ll talk about a couple different types of email encryption and explain how key sharing works in each.